Assess the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic...

Assess the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Psychodynamic approach to understanding personality The psychodynamic approach was proposed by Freud. This approach towards personality is based on the notion of underlying forces such as the id, ego and superego which are either present from birth or develop during childhood shape our behaviour and personality as such. Experiences in childhood are proposed to be the basis of human personality, according to Freud and as such Psychodynamic theory proposes that some undesirable unbalances between the id and superego can create the arising of ego defence mechanisms which explain individual differences in behaviour. Freudian theory has been adapted by neo-Freudians, however while psychodynamic†¦show more content†¦Another strength of the psychodynamic approach to personality is that it has provided a valuable insight into how early experiences or relationships can affect our adult personality. One of the examples of this is that fixations can be causes during even the earliest few months of childhood, such as the oral stage in ps ychosexual development, this can be caused by separation from the caregiver too early or having feeding difficulties. These fixations can then lead to psychological problems in personality centred around eating or drinking. Jacobs et al (1966) used the Rorschach inkblots to compare the orality of smokers and non-smokers, finding that smokers emerged as being significantly more oral. On this note, the psychodynamic theory also provided psychological treatments which are still widely used today in therapy for personality disorders. These two treatments in psychodynamic theory are the Rorschach inkblot test and assessment/analysis of dreams. In the Rorschach test the subjects perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analysed using psychological interpretation, complex scientifically derived algorithms or both. These can be used to assess an individual’s personality characteristics. However this Rorschach test itself has been strongly criticised. FirstlyShow MoreRelatedPersonality, Cognitive, And Learning Approach Essay1878 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction The concept of personality is extensive and complex, but psychologists have tried to describe the nature of personality using different perspectives. Some of the perspectives are founded on empirical studies while others are based on clinical case studies or theories. Some common aspects of personality include psychodynamic, trait approach, cognitive, genetic, and learning approach. The cognitive approach emphasizes how our behavior is influenced by how we process, mentally representRead MoreExplain The Principal Psychological Perspectives1585 Words   |  7 Pagesassessing different psychological approaches. I will explain and assessing these 4 psychological theories: †¢ Psychodynamic †¢ Behavioural †¢ Social Learning Theory †¢ Cognitive Psychodynamic approach: In this approach it is mainly based on Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis which was the original psychodynamic theory; however many psychologists based their theories from his theory. In this approach we see the theories of psychology that see the human mind function based upon the interaction of forces andRead MoreWhy Do People Become Leaders?1860 Words   |  8 Pages(BEST WORSTE REASONS) FOR LEADERSHIP Psychodynamic perspective From a psychodynamic perspective, why people become leaders is explained through the psychological, social and emotional processes between leaders and followers, and within organisations. People differ in their motivational patterns and are not unidimensional entities; they are complex and often paradoxical . Organisational life and dynamics go beyond the purely rational, structural approach, and are underpinned by issues such as interpersonalRead MoreTypes Of Problems Theory Of Psychology2025 Words   |  9 Pagesuse various types such as psychodynamic (and psychoanalytic) theory and therapy in the arena of behavior to tracking various aggressive problems. â€Å"This is one of the oldest theories of psychology in which patients are viewed within a model of illness or what is lacking. Individuals in theory can be seen as being made up from a dynamics that begins in early childhood and progresses throughout life. Sansone, Wiederman, Hattic, Flath, (2010). This psychodynamic way of thinking is generallyRead MoreDifferent Psychological Approaches Of Health Practice2569 Words   |  11 Pages P2 Explain different psychological approaches to health practice. Behaviourist approach- The behaviourist approach is a classical conditioning and an example of this would be in a hospital. 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Coffield (2004) also concluded that students can increase their self-awareness of their own strengths and weaknesses by becoming knowledgeable about their personal learning styles Despite the criticisms of Coffield and others of modern theories relating to learning styles, they remain popular today and have many followers, but it is perhaps more appropriateRead MoreRisk Factors And Weaknesses - Past And Present2038 Words   |  9 Pages Risk Factors and Weaknesses - Past Present: While growing up Sam had stressful family life marked by traumatic life events such as physical abuse and neglect. This is one of the risk factors which may be influencing Sam s maladaptive behavior patterns, making it hard for him to achieve his present goals. Sam had a large family and not only was he the eldest, but he was the only boy. Early in Sam’s life he experienced a severe disruption of his family life after his mother became ill and hisRead MoreThe Idea Of The Multipath Model1705 Words   |  7 Pagesingenious because it acts as blue print on finding the specific underlying issues that point to mental health disorder. According to (Sue et al. 2014, p.30) the multipath model is â€Å"a model of models that provides an organizational framework for understanding the numerous causes of mental disorders, the complexity of their interacting components, and the need to view disorders from a holistic framework.† The multipath model is important for mental health pr ofessionals because it allows a way for themRead MoreThe Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders ( Dsm )1788 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of DSM The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a mental health diagnostic system that allow clinicians (i.e. psychiatrics, psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists and nurses) to have a common understanding of mental health conditions (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). 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Buddhism A Pathway to Enlightenment, from Shady Beginnings

Buddhism: A Pathway to Enlightenment, from Shady Beginnings A boy is the heir to the throne of a great tribe. His father, the current king, wants his son to be king too but is warned that he will either be an outstanding king or an extraordinary sage, so he must act before his child can be affected. The young prince is kept away from any forms of negativity that this cruel world could possibly show him. Unfortunately for his father, the boy witnesses the exact things that the king has attempted to keep him from, and he leaves all the riches behind so that his journey to enlightenment can begin. This is the story of how Buddhism began. Buddhism is one of the major religions of the world. It is also very different from the other popular religions. Although it first originated in India, its founder’s unusual teachings have spread to the western world in addition to other Asian countries, including Japan, China, and Thailand. In fact, Buddhism is the â€Å"oldest and most widesp read of all the world faiths† (Wilkinson 8). Unlike most religions, Buddhism is non-theistic, meaning that it is not based on the belief of a god or gods; instead, it is worked around the principles of a man who found enlightenment. This man was born in the 5th century BCE, or before common era, as Siddhartha Gautama but is more commonly known as Buddha, or â€Å"the enlightened one.† (Wilkinson 6) His father was the ruler of the Shakya tribe, which made him a prince. However, he left the riches and wealth

Causes and Consequences of World War I free essay sample

Belief in inevitability of war and advocacy of war to become supreme major cause for WW1. 5. Anglo-german naval rivalry Britain was supreme at sea and was challenged by germany. Britain couldnt accept this. The rivalry culminated in WW1. 6. Absence of international organisation Concert of europe was informal group of nations aftr napoleans defeat but couldnt control its member and didnt represent the entire free world. The system of pacific settlement of international disputes set up by the hague conference was unsatisfactory. And couldnt contain imperial rivalries. 7. Negative role of the press in creating war psychology despite attempts of governments to normalise their relations. 8. Autrian and serbian rivalry Austria-hungary wanted access to sea at the cost of slav territories and serbia represented slav nationalism. The two had contradictory aims. This led to a conflict of interest and was encouraged by the russian czar as well building grounds for war. 9. Personal ambitions of leader. Kaiser william II of germany, austra-hungary, russian leaders(czar and his wife). 10. The Sarajevo incident Annexation of bosnia-herzegovina by austria in 1908, 2 balkan wars, italian annexation of tripolo ,moroccan crisis along with the japanese threat to peace in the background, the assassination of the crown price of austria-hungary, archduke franze ferdinand with his wife in sarajevo june,1914 was a direct cause for WW1. Consequences The results of the great war were almost as numerous as its causes. By the end of the world war in 1918, american president woodrow wilson proposed peace and made a statement of war aims in his famous 14 points 1. Open covenant of peace,openly arrived at and Abolition of secret diplomacy 2. Absolute freedom of navigation at sea, outside territorial waters in peace and war except by international action. 3. Removal of eco barriers and establishment of equal trade conditions 4. Reduction in national armaments to the point only needed for domestic security 5. Free,open minded and impartial adjustment of all colonial claims 6. Evacuation of all russia territory and allowing its to politically develop in acc with her own national policy 7. Evacuation and restoration of Belgium 8. Same for france and return of alsace and Lorraine to it. 9. Readjustment of italian frontiers along clear line of nationality 10. Freest opportunity of autonomous devt for people of austria-hungary 11. Evacuation and restoration of romania,serbia and montenegro and free access to sea for serbia 12. Autonomous devt of the non turkish possessions of the sultan 13. Resurrection of independent polan with access to sea. 14. Formation of a general association of nations for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of pol independence and territorial integrity to small n great alike. These were accepted but not followed by the european nations of the peace conference and were later rejected by the american senate after woodrow wilson lost his popularity and presented them befre the senate. Paris peace conference Fightin in WW1 ended with complete surrender of germany in nov,1918. Representatives of allied and associated powers assembled at paris on 18 jan 1919 to draw a new map of europe and the world. Selection of paris as venue unfortunate decision. It was done to take revenge from germany for the french humiliation at the hall of mirrors in versailles aftr the french defeat in the franco-prussian war. The conference was a victors club as none of the leaders of the defeated countries attended it as they were allowed no say in the conference. The conference was dominated by 4 leaders- woodrow wilson, PM lloyd george of britain, PM of france george celemnceau, italian PM vittorio orlando. It was at this conference that the treaty of Versailles was signed, officially ending WW1 on 28th july 1919. Provisions of treaty of versailles 1. Territorial provisions territorial changes in respect of germany. †¢alsace and lorraine returned to france †¢eupene,malmady and mernet given to belgium east germany given to posen †¢ Parts of west prussia and silesia to poland. Poland given access to to sea at the cost of german by way of corridor in west prussia. †¢port memel and hinterland taken away but fate undecided. Later given to lithuania. †¢coal mining area of saar demanded by france by nt given to france. Only under temporary control of france. Aftr 15 years- plebiscite conducted whether saar wants to go to germany, france or remain with league of nations †¢ Ausrtia-hungary broken up into small states. New austria small ger speaking landlocked state. Due to fears of france, germany and austria prevented from uniting without permission of league of nations of which france was permanent member. †¢small german territory also given to czechoslovakia. †¢germany also lost all colonies which were taken up by other powers of league of nations. 2. Economic provisions of reparation. †¢War indemnity cudnt be imposed on germany because a)cost of war borne by allies impossible to return for germany b)woodrow wilson against war indemnity since war cost werent only borne by allies but also by defeated powers. so allies demanded compensation for indiscriminate bombing and loss of lives at the hands of germany †¢no payable amount was fixed. A reparation commission set up to determine the extent of civilian losses keeping in mind germanys capacity to pay back. †¢germany was to gives horses and cattle to france n belgium and coal to france,belgium n italy. It was to surrender it submarine telegraph cables to allies and surr ender all merchant ships more than 1600 tonnes. †¢default on part of germany was punishable by allies †¢customs union between Luxembourg and germany abolished to end german control over luxembourg economy. repartion commission submitted its report in april 1921 and total amount payable by germany was 6,600,000,000 pounds. †¢germany ws to giv trade facilities of certain commodities to allies. Acces to sea to Czechoslovakia and Switzerland. †¢german rivers and canal internationalised. 3. Disarmament †¢principle of reduction of arms incorporated in covenant of league. But it was not followed by allied powers. There were severe disarmament provisions for germany that made her a military cripple †¢army limited to 100,000 troops and 4000 officers. Recruitment only voluntarily. †¢navy limited to 6 battle ships,6 light cruisers,12 destroyers and 12 torpedo boats. No submarines. Strength of navy only 15000 men and 1500 officers. War ships in excess were to be dismantled. †¢debarred from having an air force and naval aircrafts. †¢german general staff abolished. Allied control commission set up to supervise enforce of these clauses. Set up ws to be funded by germany again. 4. War and guilt crimes †¢germany declared solely responsible for war by article 231 of treaty. german emporer kaiser william II was found guilty of violation of treaties and international law. He sought asylum in netherlands who refused to hand him over to allies for a trial. †¢german people could never accept that their country alone was responsible for the war. 5. Provisions regarding international organisation †¢1st part of treaty provided for the establishment of a world organisation to be known as league of nations. †¢ Its constitution,called covenant, was adopted at the paris conference and included all peace treaties. It was to consist of an assembly,council and secretariat. †¢ A permanent court of international justice and international labour organisation was to be set up. †¢ These bodies were meant to maintain peace,settle international disputes peacefully,punish countries who may break the covenant and improve social and economic life all over the world. The guarantees of the enforcement of the treat were written in part XIV according to which until successful execution of the treaty the entire Rhineland(west of rhine with bridgeheads) would be occupied by allied powers. Germany was ultimately reduced from a world power to an insignificant small power. She was forced to give up monarchy and accept democracy which was something the country wasnt prepared for. The treaty was so humiliating that the german had sworn revenge for it. The seeds for WW2 had been sown. Hitler later exploited this situation and imposed dictatorship in 1933 and began rearmament under the excuse that the allies had not reduced their armaments. This led to another arms race,violation of the treaty and eventually culminated in the second world war. Other treaties †¢treaty of st. ermain with austria on the model of treaty of versailles with excpetion of the reparation clause. †¢treaty of neuilly with bulgaria †¢treaty of tianon with hungary †¢treaties of sevres and luasanne with defeated turkey to separate its constituents and reduce military capacity and pay reparation Fall of Ottoman empire Its fall during the war created many newly independent middle eastern nation states which were quickly taken over by britain france etc. Economic depression The end of the war also caused a temporary economic bubble which soon popped and led to the great depression.